Assessment of Ergonomic Hazards in Manual Stitching Operations in Footwear Manufacturing Units

Abstract

The footwear manufacturing sector is highly labor-intensive, with manual stitching being one of the most critical operations. Workers engaged in stitching tasks are frequently exposed to ergonomic hazards due to repetitive hand movements, static postures, prolonged sitting, and poorly designed workstations. This study aims to assess the ergonomic risks and musculoskeletal disorders among stitching operators in footwear manufacturing units. A cross-sectional study was conducted using direct workplace observations, worker interviews, and standardized ergonomic assessment tools such as the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). The findings revealed that a significant proportion of workers experienced discomfort and pain, particularly in the neck, shoulders, lower back, and wrists. High RULA scores indicated that immediate ergonomic interventions were required. Factors such as improper workstation height, inadequate lighting, and non-adjustable seating were found to contribute to the identified risks. Based on the results, ergonomic recommendations were proposed, including workstation redesign, use of adjustable chairs, task rotation, and training programs on correct working posture. Implementing these improvements can reduce musculoskeletal strain, enhance worker efficiency, and promote occupational health and safety in footwear manufacturing units. The study highlights the importance of integrating ergonomic principles into workplace design and management to ensure sustainable productivity and worker well-being.