A Comprehensive Review on 5G Networks: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract

The fifth generation of mobile communication technology, or 5G, represents a monumental leap forward in wireless connectivity. With features including ultra-high-speed data transfer, ultra-low latency, and unprecedented levels of device connectivity, 5G is set to revolutionize industries and user experiences across the globe. This review paper provides a detailed exploration of 5G networks, spanning its architectural design, enabling technologies, use cases, and prevailing challenges. Drawing insights from recent academic contributions and technical standards, this paper discusses 5G’s evolution from its predecessors, its core components like network slicing, SDN, NFV, and MEC, as well as its implications for IoT, smart cities, and autonomous systems. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the implementation hurdles, including spectrum allocation, security, and integration with existing networks. This comprehensive review aims to serve as a foundational resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working towards the global adoption and optimization of 5G networks.