Solid-State Electrolytes: A Path to Safe and High-Capacity Lithium Based Batteries

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of solid-state batteries (SSBs) as a transformative technology in energy storage. By replacing the conventional liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), SSBs aim to address critical challenges in energy density, safety, and cycle life. The study delves into the core materials used in SSB construction—specifically sulfide-, oxide-, and polymer-based electrolytes—examining their chemical and structural properties, electrochemical performance, and compatibility with lithium metal anodes. The paper further explores practical applications of SSBs, focusing on electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices, where demand for safer, longer-lasting, and higher-capacity batteries is growing rapidly. A comparative analysis with conventional LIBs underscores both the advantages of SSBs (such as enhanced thermal stability and energy density) and the current limitations (such as interfacial resistance and manufacturing challenges). The discussion concludes by outlining future directions for research and development necessary for commercial scalability and widespread adoption of SSBs.