Groundwater Treatment Technologies for Ensuring Safe and Sustainable Water

Abstract

Water is an essential resource that supports life, ecosystems, and human advancement. Among its various sources, groundwater holds a vital component of the hydrological cycle. Groundwater is an important resource that supports agricultural, industrial and domestic activities. However, its overexploitation and contamination have leads to declining water levels and quality of water leads to serious environmental challenges. Effective groundwater treatment ensures its sustainability and secure use. Treatment methods can be compartmentalizing into physical, chemical, and biological processes. Physical treatments including sedimentation, aeration, and filtration are used to remove suspended solids and dissolved gases. Chemical treatments including chlorination, coagulation, and ion exchange, are use to eliminating pathogens, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants. Biological processes including bioremediation and constructed wetlands, utilize microbial activity to destroy the organic pollutants and enhance water quality. Advanced treatment methods including reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, ozonation, activated carbon filtration, membrane bioreactors (MBR), electrocoagulation, and photocatalytic water purification and Nano filtration gives higher efficiency in removing complex pollutants and recharging groundwater quality. The parameters like nitrates, fluorides, chlorides, total dissolved solids (TDS), and the presence of pathogens are vital for water quality evaluation. Increased nitrate levels indicate contamination from fertilizers and sewage. Small amount of Fluoride beneficial for dental health, but excessive, lead to fluorosis. The source of Chlorides from industrial activities causing taste and corrosion potential. Total Dissolved Solids affecting the water hardness. Pathogens leads to microbial contamination and affect the purity of water. It is essential to ensure the quality and safety of water for consumption and other uses.