Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Tracking System Using RFID

Abstract

Modern supply chain systems demand secure, transparent, and real-time tracking mechanisms to ensure product authenticity, operational efficiency, and long-term sustainability. With the increasing adoption of digital technologies in Supply Chain 4.0 and Agriculture 4.0 paradigms, issues such as data manipulation, lack of trust, fragmented information flow, and limited traceability have become critical concerns [1], [2], [3]. Conventional centralized supply chain tracking solutions are prone to single points of failure and unauthorized data modification, reducing reliability across multi-stakeholder environments. Recent studies highlight that blockchain-enabled traceability frameworks can significantly enhance transparency, trust, and accountability in complex supply chains [4], [6], [7]. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Tracking System using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). RFID technology enables automatic, contactless, and non-line-of-sight identification of products across different supply chain stages, while blockchain provides a decentralized and immutable ledger for secure event recording. In the proposed system, RFID-generated data is collected at checkpoints, processed through a middleware layer, and stored on a permissioned blockchain using smart contracts. This ensures data integrity, controlled access, and transparent information sharing among authorized stakeholders. Each blockchain transaction represents a verified supply chain event, enabling complete end-to-end traceability from manufacturing to final delivery. Experimental evaluation indicates that the proposed approach improves trace-back efficiency, prevents unauthorized data alteration, and enhances transparency compared to traditional centralized systems. The system is well suited for applications such as logistics, agri-food supply chains, and pharmaceutical distribution, where trust, security, and traceability are critical requirements [4], [5], [6].